title: Arabic CheatSheet author: Musa Al-hassy email: alhassy@gmail.com modified: 2023-06-14 Wed todo: Todo | spacing LaTeX filetags: arabic cheat-sheet fileimage: arabic-irab.png 100% 100% description: Quick reference for the Arabic language; Modern Standard Arabic latex_header: \def\cheatsheeturl{https://www.alhassy.com/arabic-cheat-sheet} latex_header: \usepackage[novoc]{arabluatex} latex: \linespread{1.25} # http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/colorlessgreenideas.htm :Emacs_Setup: # +latex: Amiri: \sample% arabluatex defaults to Amiri # For other neato fonts, see: https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/316719 # (May need to install fonts!) # # An extended version of TeX using Lua to compile. example emacs-lisp :exports none (setq org-latex-pdf-process '("lualatex %f")) example :End: macro: arb @@latex: \arb{$1}@@ @@html: <span dir="ltr">$1</span>@@ macro: blue @@latex: \textbf{\color{blue}\arb{$1}}@@ @@html: <span style="color:blue;" dir="ltr">$1</span>@@ macro: orange @@latex: \textbf{\color{orange}\arb{$1}}@@ @@html: <span style="color:orange;" dir="ltr">$1</span>@@ # MA: I wrote this using \arb{...}, then I did a regexp find replace with # M-% \\arb{\([^\\]*\)}�{{{arb(\1)}}} # So that the result looks nice in both LaTeX and HTML. # Note: It also looks nice in Emacs since I have Org-macro syntax prettified-away. # MA: Before generting the PDF, remember to: M-x blog/preview/disable # And to comment-out the date. modified: 2023-06-14 Wed options: toc:t # MA: (-let [enable-local-variables nil] (blog/publish-current-article)) # # git mv arabic-cheat-sheet.pdf ~/blog/ ▼ COMMENT Technical Words :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Technical-Words :END: | Noun | \342\211\210 | A person, place, or thing | | Pronoun | \342\211\210 | Words such as \342\200\234He, him, her, this, that, ...\342\200\235 | | Verb | \342\211\210 | An action word | | | | | | Subject | \342\211\210 | The topic of a sentence | | Predicate | \342\211\210 | Information about the topic in a sentence | | Object | \342\211\210 | The recipient of an action | # Prepositions ▼ Abstract : ignore : :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Abstract :END: latex: \iffalse center html: This is a quick reference of concepts in the Arabic language. badge:PDF|colorful_cheat_sheet|success|https://alhassy.com/arabic-cheat-sheet.pdf|read-the-docs # badge:license|GNU_3|informational|https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html|read-the-docs tweet:https://alhassy.com/arabic-cheat-sheet badge:|buy_me_a_coffee|gray|https://www.buymeacoffee.com/alhassy|buy-me-a-coffee center # @@html: <br> @@ latex: \fi ▼ COMMENT Web reference : ignore : :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Web-reference :END: macro: begin-ignore-html #+html: <!-- macro: end-ignore-html #+html: --> latex: \vspace{-1em} {{{begin-ignore-html()}}} To be terse, lots of content is not shown in this PDF but is shown in the *HTML* version. {{{end-ignore-html()}}} ▼ Sentences without Verbs :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Sentences-without-Verbs :END: English sentences are usually of the form /Subject + Verb + Object/. Recall that a /verb/ is an \342\200\234action word\342\200\235; the /subject/ is the one doing the action; and the /object/ is the one having the action done to them. Arabic sentences do not need verbs! These are known as /equational, non-verbal, sentences/. | <c> | | <c> | | *blue:I* am *orange:Samir* | \342\211\210 | {{{orange( \330\263\331\205\331\212\330\261 )}}} {{{blue( \330\247\331\206\330\247 )}}} | | *blue:He* is *orange:tall* | \342\211\210 | {{{orange( \330\267\331\210\331\212\331\204 )}}} {{{blue( \331\207\331\210 )}}} | Each sentence above has (1) a /subject/ [the topic of the sentence: A noun or pronoun] @@latex: \\@@ and (2) a /*orange:predicate*/ [information about the topic; e.g., a noun or an adjective]. ◦ Notice the English has \342\200\234am\342\200\235, which is not needed in Arabic. ◦ A /noun/ is a person, place, or thing. ◦ A /*blue:pronoun*/ is a word such as \342\200\234He, him, her, this, that, ...\342\200\235 # https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/predicate-nominative-vs-predicate-adjectives/ The predicate can either be a (pro)noun that renames the subject ---as in \arb{\330\263\331\205\331\212\330\261\331\217 \330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\214} which "renames" the subject /Samir/ to the subject /doctor/---; or the predicate can be an adjective that describes the subject ---as in \arb{\330\263\331\205\331\212\330\261\331\217 \330\267\331\210\331\212\331\204\331\214}. If the predicate is a /definite/ noun (discussed below!), then it does not use nunation; e.g., \arb{\331\207\331\210 \330\247\331\204\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\217} /He is the doctor/. ▼ Adjectives :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Adjectives :END: /Adjectives/, \342\200\234descriptive words\342\200\235, follow nouns and must agree with them in gender, number, definiteness, and case. /The agreement is what distinguishes a noun-adjective phrase from an equational sentence!/ | the new book | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\247\331\204\331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\217 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\257\331\212\330\257\331\217)}}} | | The book is new. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\247\331\204\332\251\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\217 \330\254\330\257\331\212\330\257\331\217.)}}} | ▼ Todo COMMENT Definite for adjectives :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Definite-for-adjectives :END: You have now seen the three ways in which a word in Arabic is m ade definite. The first is the definite article. The second is by being in a definite idaafa. The third is by attaching a pronoun suffix. Any adj ectives m odifying a definite noun m ust be definite and are m ade definite with, and only with, the definite article. ▼ Questions :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Questions :END: The /question marker/ {{{arb(\331\207\331\216\331\204\331\222)}}} is placed at the start of a statement to turn it into a question. | You are a student. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\247\331\206\330\252 \330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250.)}}} | | Are you a student? | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\207\331\204 \330\247\331\206\330\252 \330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\237)}}} | ◦ {{{arb(\331\205\330\247)}}} has /many uses/ in Arabic, one of them being the question word \342\200\234what\342\200\235 ---/which can only be used with things, not people!/ ◦ {{{arb(\331\205\331\216\331\206\331\222)}}} [`men'] means \342\200\234who\342\200\235 and is used to refer to people. \342\210\222 (Becareful not to confuse this with the preposition /from/, {{{arb( \331\205\331\220\331\206\331\222 )}}} [`min']!) ◦ {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\212\331\222\331\206\331\216)}}} means \342\200\234where\342\200\235. | What is this? | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \331\205\330\247 \331\207\331\260\330\260\330\247\330\237 )}}} | | Who is this? | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \331\205\331\206 \331\207\330\260\330\247\330\237 )}}} | | Where are you from? | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \331\205\331\220\331\206\331\222 \330\247\331\224\331\212\331\206 \330\247\331\224\331\206\330\252\331\216\330\237 )}}} | ▼ Inflection & Conjugation :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Inflection-Conjugation :END: The \342\200\234shape\342\200\235 of an Arabic word changes to tell us information about the word. – \342\200\234Conjugation\342\200\235: Verbs change with /who/ is doing the action. – \342\200\234Case\342\200\235, {{{arb( \330\247\331\204\330\247\330\271\330\261\330\247\330\250 )}}}: Nouns, and adjectives, change to tell us whether they are doing an action, are having something done to them, or own/possess something. # - \342\200\234Case\342\200\235, {{{arb( \330\247\331\204\330\247\330\271\330\261\330\247\330\250 )}}}: Nouns, and adjectives, change to tell us whether they are doing an action (\342\200\234Nominative\342\200\235!), are having # something done to them (\342\200\234Accusative!\342\200\235), or own/possess something (\342\200\234Genitive!\342\200\235). For example, in English, there are 3 ways to refer to oneself: *green:I, red:me, blue:my*. | /*blue:My* cat saw *red:me*, and *green:I* jumped!/ | The *shape* of the word depends on its *case*. Here's the rules: – /(Nominative!)/ When I am doing something, I say: *green: I did it* – /(Accusative!)/ When something is being done to me, I say: *It was done to red:me.* – /(Genitive!)/ When I have an item, I say: *blue:My thing....* So, in English, the word used to refer to /myself/ changes depending on what is happening *green:by* me, *red:to* me, or *blue:of* me / what I own. # Just as nouns, and adjectives, change with case; # likewise, verbs change with who is doing them (i.e., number and gender). # This is known as /conjugation/. # # # Grammatical cases are a way of organising nouns (and some adjectives) # according to their roles in a sentence. In Arabic, case is denoted by # adding a small symbol to the end of the word. We say /the noun is inflected for case/. # # In many languages, nouns and pronouns are inflected for case, meaning they change their form depending on their grammatical function in a sentence. # The most common grammatical cases are: # # + Nominative case: used for the subject of a sentence # + Accusative case: used for the direct object of a verb # + Genitive case: used to show possession or relationships between nouns # + Vocative case: used for addressing someone directly # + Dative case: used for the indirect object of a verb, or to indicate the recipient of an action ▼ Nominative Case :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Nominative-Case :END: /Case/ refers to the form a word ---mostly nouns and adjectives--- take depending on their function in a sentence. The subject of any sentence will always be in the /nominative case/, which is indicated by placing a {{{arb(\331\200\331\217\331\200)}}} at the end of the word. The only other time a word will be in the nominative is if it is the predicate of a non-verbal sentence. | <c> | | <c> | | <c> | | He is /the/ student | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \331\207\331\210 \330\247\331\204\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\217 )}}} | | /huwa al-talib-u/ | | He is /a/ student | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \331\207\331\210 \330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\214 )}}} | | /huwa talib-un/ | Pronouns, such as {{{arb(\330\247\331\206\330\247} and \arb{\331\207\330\260\330\247)}}}, do not have case endings. | I am the teacher | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \330\247\331\206\330\247 \330\247\331\204\331\205\330\257\330\261\330\263\331\217 )}}} | | /ana al-mudaras-u/ ▼ COMMENT Case gets real on some words: {{{arb(\330\247\330\250\330\214 \330\247\330\256\330\214 \330\260\331\210)}}} :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Case-gets-real-on-some-words-arb :END: Some words are so short that case becomes an actual letter and not just a short symbol! *The small vowel endings {{{arb(\331\200\331\217\331\200\330\214 \331\200\331\220\331\200\330\214 \331\200\331\216\331\200} actually become long vowel letters: \arb{\331\200\331\217\331\210\330\214 \331\200\331\220\331\212\330\214 \331\200\331\216\330\247)}}}.* One such word is /father/, {{{arb(\330\247\330\250)}}}: | This is Ahmad's father. | {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\330\247 \330\247\330\250\331\210 \330\247\330\255\331\205\330\257.)}}} | | I saw Ahmad's father. | {{{arb(\330\261\330\247\331\224\331\212\331\222\330\252\331\217 \330\247\330\250\330\247 \330\247\330\255\331\205\330\257.)}}} | | I spoke with Ahmad's father. | {{{arb(\330\252\330\255\330\257\330\253\331\222\330\252\331\217 \331\205\330\271 \330\247\330\250\331\212 \330\247\330\255\331\205\330\257.)}}} | Another important word is {{{arb(\330\260\331\210)}}} which means /the one who/. | The student with black hair is Egyptian. | {{{arb(\330\247\331\204\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250 \330\260\331\210 \330\247\331\204\330\264\330\271\330\261 \330\247\331\204\330\243\330\263\331\210\330\257 \331\205\330\265\330\261\331\212.)}}} | | I know the student with black hair. | {{{arb( \330\243\330\271\330\261\331\201 \330\247\331\204\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250 \330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\330\264\330\271\330\261 \330\247\331\204\330\243\330\263\331\210\330\257.)}}} | | I spoke with the student with black hair. | {{{arb( \330\252\331\203\331\204\331\205\330\252 \331\205\330\271 \330\247\331\204\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250 \330\260\331\212 \330\247\331\204\330\264\330\271\330\261 \330\247\331\204\330\243\330\263\331\210\330\257.)}}} | Note that {{{arb(\330\260\331\210)}}} is masculine singular. The feminine form is {{{arb(\330\260\330\247\330\252)}}} and does not change with case. :More: Here's the above three words in one sentence: | Your father saw your brother with the black hair. | | {{{arb(\330\261\330\247\331\224\333\214 \330\247\331\224\330\250\331\210\331\203 \330\247\331\224\330\256\330\247\331\203 \330\260\331\210 \330\247\331\204\330\264\330\271\330\261 \330\247\331\204\330\247\331\224\330\263\331\210\330\257)}}} | :End: ▼ COMMENT When to write Shadda :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-When-to-write-Shadda :END: When two letters occur in a single, they become one with shaddah, if the first has sukuun and the second carries another diacritical mark, hence \331\206\331\222 + \331\206\331\216 become \331\206\331\221\331\216. E.g., \330\245\331\220 + \331\206\331\222 + \331\206\331\216 = \330\245\331\220\331\206\331\221\331\216. ▼ {{{arb(\331\205\330\271\330\261\331\201\330\251)}}} Definiteness :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: arb-Definiteness :END: A word is considered *definite {{{arb(\331\205\330\271\330\261\331\201\330\251)}}}* when it refers to something specific in the world, and *indefinite {{{arb(\331\206\331\203\330\261\330\251)}}}* when it does not. For example, \342\200\234a car\342\200\235 or \342\200\234cars\342\200\235 do not refer to anything specific in the world and thus both examples are indefinite. Conversely, \342\200\234my car\342\200\235 or \342\200\234my cars\342\200\235 both refer to specific / known objects in the world and thus both examples are definite. When is a word definite? 0. If it is a proper name such as {{{arb(\330\247\330\255\331\205\330\257)}}}. 1. If it has the /definite article/ {{{arb(\330\247\331\204)}}}/\342\200\234the\342\200\235 in front of it. 2. If it is a pronoun ---i.e., it already refers to something. Such as {{{arb(\331\207\331\210)}}} or {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\330\247)}}}. 3. If it is owned by something; e.g., /book/ is definite in both /John's book/ (Idaafa) and /his book/ (Possessive pronoun ending). /Both concepts are discussed below!/ # We write {{{arb(\330\247\331\204)}}} in front of a word to make it /definite/. ▽ COMMENT Moon & Sun Letters :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Moon-Sun-Letters :END: The letters of the Arabic alphabet are divided into two groups with respect to this particle; the sun letters and the moon letters. If Al is prefixed to a noun which starts with a moon letter, the \331\204\330\247\331\205 is pronounced as expected (as in al-Qamar). And if it is prefixed to a noun which begins with a sun letter, the \331\204\330\247\331\205 will geminate with that letter (as in ash-Shams). \330\241 \330\250 \330\254 \330\255 \330\256 \330\271 \330\272 \331\201 \331\202 \331\203 \331\205 \331\207 \331\210 \331\212 Moon Letters \330\252 \330\253 \330\257 \330\260 \330\261 \330\262 \330\263 \330\264 \330\265 \330\266 \330\267 \330\270 \331\204 \331\206 Sun Letters ▼ Nunnation/Tanween :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Nunnation-Tanween :END: Arabic does not have an indefinite article: To make a word indefinite, we double *its* case ending; with the second instance pronounced as {{{arb(\331\206)}}}, \342\200\234n\342\200\235. This doubling of case endings, and adding the sound \342\200\234n\342\200\235, is known as /Tanween/. For the nominative case, the {{{arb(\331\200\331\200\331\217\331\200\331\200)}}} is written twice but often written in the shape {{{arb(\331\200\331\200\331\214\331\200\331\200)}}}. An indefinite adjective (usually one without {{{arb(\330\247\331\204)}}}) will have tanween: | The student is new | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \330\247\331\204\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\217 \330\254\330\257\331\212\330\257\331\214 )}}} | | /al-talib-u jadeed-un/ | ▼ Case endings of Equational Sentences :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Case-endings-of-Equational-Sentences :END: From the preceding discussions: /Both the subject and predicate of an equational sentence should be in the nominative!/ Remember that the subject can be any (pro)noun and the predicate is any (pro)noun or adjective ---if it is an adjective, then it is indefinite and so ends in {{{arb(\331\200\331\200\331\214\331\200\331\200)}}}. # # https://www.thesaurus.com/e/grammar/predicate-adjectives/ # # Moreover, the predicate is either definite and so ends in {{{arb(\331\200\331\200\331\217\331\200\331\200)}}}, or is indefinite and so ends in {{{arb(\331\200\331\200\331\214\331\200\331\200)}}}. ▼ COMMENT {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\216\331\204)}}} is also used to refer to an entire class of things :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-arb-is-also-used-to-refer-to-an-entire-class-of-things :END: {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\216\331\204)}}} causes its noun to refer to something that has already been mentioned, or is specific. For example: | {{{arb( \330\243\330\261\330\263\331\204\331\206\330\247 \330\245\331\204\331\211 \331\201\330\261\330\271\331\210\331\206 \330\261\330\263\331\210\331\204\330\247. \331\201\330\271\330\265\331\211 \331\201\330\261\330\271\331\210\331\206 \330\247\331\204\330\261\330\263\331\210\331\204 )}}} | | We sent to Pharaoh *a* messenger. But Pharaoh disobeyed *the* messenger. | # Class nouns! However, {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\216\331\204)}}} can also refer to an entire class of things ---thereby making its word indefinite!1 | all praise (not any particular praise!) is for Allah | {{{arb( \330\247\331\204\330\255\331\205\330\257 \331\204\331\204\331\221\331\260\331\207 )}}} | | verily Man (i.e., all of mankind!) is in loss | {{{arb( \330\245\331\206 \330\247\331\204\330\245\331\206\330\263\330\247\331\206 \331\204\331\201\331\212 \330\256\330\263\330\261 )}}} | ▼ Helping Vowels for {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\216\331\204)}}} :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Helping-Vowels-for-arb :END: 1. The hamza-fatha of the definite article {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\216\331\204)}}} will always be replaced by the final vowel of the preceding word; thus the two words /sound like one word/! | You (m) are the director | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \330\247\331\206\330\252\331\216 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\331\212\330\261 )}}} | /antal-mudiir/ | | You (f) are the director | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \330\247\331\206\330\252\331\220 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\331\212\330\261\330\251 )}}} | /antil-mudiira/ | 2. When {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\216\331\204} follows a \342\200\234sun letter\342\200\235, then the \arb{\331\204)}}} is also not pronounced. | You are the student | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \330\247\331\206\330\252\331\216 \330\247\331\204\330\267\331\221\330\247\331\204\330\250 )}}} | /antat-talib/ | 3. Most words end in vowels, since Arabic case endings are vowels. If a word does not end in a vowel, such as {{{arb(\331\207\331\216\331\204\331\222)}}}, then we add a /helping kasra vowel/: | Is the director an idiot? | \342\211\210 | {{{arb( \331\207\331\216\331\204\331\220 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\331\212\330\261\331\217 \330\250\331\204\331\212\330\257\330\237 )}}} | /halil-mudiiru baled?/ | The only exception to this rule is the word {{{arb(\331\205\331\216\331\206\331\222)}}}, which gets a helping /fatha/ vowel. # This elision is known as Alif-Wasla; but is usually only written in the Quran. ▼ {{{arb(\330\247\330\263\331\205\330\247\330\241 \330\247\331\204\330\245\330\264\330\247\330\261\330\251)}}} @@latex:\hspace{1em)@@ ---\342\200\234This is a X\342\200\235 ---\342\200\234This X\342\200\235 ---\342\200\234This is the X\342\200\235 :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: arb-latex-hspace-1em-This-is-a-X-This-X-This-is-the-X :END: 1. \342\200\234This\342\200\235 {{{arb(\331\207\331\260\330\260\330\247)}}} is used to refer to things that are close by, whereas \342\200\234that\342\200\235 {{{arb(\330\260\330\247\331\204\331\220\331\203\331\216)}}} refers to objects that are distant or is used in a constrast: {{{arb( \331\207\331\260\330\260\330\247 \330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\331\214 \331\210\330\260\331\204\331\220\331\203\331\216 \331\205\331\217\330\257\330\261\331\221\331\220\330\263\331\214 )}}}, /This is a student and that is a teacher/. The feminine forms of \342\200\234this\342\200\235 and \342\200\234that\342\200\235 are {{{arb(\331\207\331\260\330\260\331\220\331\207\331\220)}}} and {{{arb(\330\252\331\220\331\204\331\222\331\203\331\216)}}}. 2. Whenever any of these 4 words is followed by a definite noun, we have *one unit* meaning \342\200\234this noun\342\200\235. – Such phrases often serve as the subjects of an equational sentence. 3. We can *separate* this one unit into two pieces by inserting a pronoun in-the-middle, which gives us \342\200\234This is the noun\342\200\235. latex: \vspace{.5em} | 1. | This is a book. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\330\247 \331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250.)}}} | | 2a. | this book... | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250...)}}} | | 2b. | This book is heavy. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\217 \330\253\331\202\331\212\331\204\331\214.)}}} | |-----+---------------------+---+--------------------| | 3. | This is the book. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\330\247 \331\207\331\210 \330\247\331\204\331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\217.)}}} | ▼ Todo COMMENT Shortenenings! :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Shortenenings :END: the Arabic word 'this': \331\207\330\260\330\247 \342\200\234hadh\304\201\342\200\235, which, when combined with a definite phrase, has been known to become shortened from \331\207\330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\330\250\331\212\330\252 \342\200\234hadh\304\201 al-bayt\342\200\235 (this house) to \331\207\331\204\330\250\331\212\330\252 \342\200\234hal-bayt\342\200\235. Weingreen also states that the original form of the Hebrew H\304\201 was, in fact, Hal[13]. Hebrew, then, dropped the final L to achieve H\304\201 and Arabic softened the H to a Hamza to achieve Al-[14]. Some grammarians argue against the citation of \342\200\234hal-bayt\342\200\235, stating that it is merely a shortening of the demonstrative pronoun. ▼ The Accusative Case :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: The-Accusative-Case :END: The Accusative Case is mostly used for the direct objects of verbs: It is indicated by a fatha. For example, | | I studied the book. | | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\257\331\216\330\261\331\216\330\263\331\222\330\252\331\217 \330\247\331\204\331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\216.)}}} | *Notice* that above we did not write {{{arb(\330\247\331\224\331\206\330\247)}}}, \342\200\234I\342\200\235, since verbs change shape to tell us who is doing the action! (Changes to nouns is called /case/; changes to verbs is called /conjugation!/) There is one more rule. /To place an indefinite word not ending in {{{arb(\330\251} in the accusative, just attach a \arb{\330\247\331\213)}}} ---which makes the sound \342\200\234an\342\200\235/. E.g., /I studied a book/ becomes {{{arb(\330\257\330\261\330\263\330\252\331\217 \332\251\330\252\330\247\330\250\330\247\331\213)}}}. ▼ Genitive Case :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Genitive-Case :END: The genitive case is used for a word following a preposition or a word occuring as the second or later term in an Idaafa construction (discussed below). Prepositions are words like {{{arb(\330\271\331\206\330\214 \330\247\331\204\333\214\330\214 \331\204\331\220\330\214 \330\250\331\220\330\214 \331\201\331\212\330\214 \330\271\331\204\333\214\330\214 \331\205\331\220\331\206\330\214 \331\202\330\250\331\204)}}}: They are written \342\200\234pre\342\200\235ceeding a word and tell us something about its \342\200\234position\342\200\235. # There are also a large number of words that behave like prepositions, # such as {{{arb(\331\202\330\250\331\204)}}}, and the words following them are always in the genitive. Always. The genitive case ending is a final kasra for a definite word and two kasras for an indefinite word, with the second kasra pronounded as {{{arb(\331\206)}}} as in the Nominative case. ▽ Let's explain the following example. : ignore : :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Let's-explain-the-following-example :END: Let's explain the following example. | <c> | | {{{arb(\330\247\331\206\330\252\331\216 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\331\212\330\261\331\217 \331\201\331\212 \331\207\331\260\330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250\331\220)}}} | | You are the director in this office. | Here {{{arb(\330\247\331\206\330\252 \330\247\331\204\331\205\330\257\331\212\330\261)}}} is an equational sentence followed by a prepositional phrase. Both the subject and predicate of an equational sentence should be in the nominative, but {{{arb(\330\247\331\206\330\252} is a pronoun and so does not take case. Moreover, since \arb{\330\243\331\204\331\205\330\257\331\212\330\261)}}} is definite, it takes a single dhamma. Finally, since {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\203\330\252\330\250)}}} is a demonstrative followed by a definite it is treated grammatically as a single word, which means the (genitive) case ending goes at the very end of {{{arb(\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\203\330\252\330\250)}}}. ▼ Idaafa :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Idaafa :END: Idaafa means \342\200\234addition\342\200\234, or \342\200\234annexation\342\200\234, and it is used to indicate possesion in Arabic ---just like how English uses /'s/ to indicate possession. | | John's book | | \342\211\210 | the book of John | | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\217 \330\254\331\210\331\206)}}} | # It behaves very similar to the English /'s/ ; Idaafa, possesion, is formed by putting nouns next to each other ---to make a super-duper big noun, formally called a /noun-phrase/. That is all. ▽ Noun-phrases of Idaafa :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Noun-phrases-of-Idaafa :END: Noun-phrases are similar to nouns: – This noun-phrase is (in)definite exactly when its /final/ noun is (in)definite. – This noun-phrase takes case endings on its /first/ noun. • All other words in the noun-phrase must be in the genitive case. • Only the /final/ noun can have nunnation. :Misc: 2. Possession can be nested. 3. The owned item (i.e., the first term) never has \342\200\234the\342\200\235/{{{arb(\330\247\331\204)}}} before it! # 1. Finally, since the thing being owned belongs to the owner, an Idaafa is # (in)definite exactly when the final term of the idaafa is (in)definite # ---moreover, the first term of an idaafa never has the definite article! 4. \342\200\234the\342\200\235/{{{arb(\330\247\331\204)}}} can only come before the owner (i.e., the very last term). This makes the entire Idaafa definite. That is, only the last term of an Idaafa can have nunnation. 5. The owned item, the first word of an Idaafa, is definite even though it does not itself have the definite article! Why? Becuase it's not an arbitrary item: We know it's owner! As such, it can never have nunnation, but can be in any case), whereas all other terms in an Idaafa are in the genitive case (since the involve the preposition \342\200\234of\342\200\235!) :End: | | This is an office director's car | | \342\211\210 | This is a car of a director of an office | | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\207\330\260\331\207 \330\263\331\212\330\247\330\261\330\251\331\217 \331\205\330\257\331\212\330\261\331\220 \331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250\331\215)}}} | ▽ Noun-phrases and \342\200\234this\342\200\235/\342\200\234that\342\200\235 :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Noun-phrases-and-this-that :END: Remember that demonstratives form noun-phrases and so can be used in-place of a noun in an Idaafa. | | <c> | | | The director of this office is stupid. | | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\205\331\217\330\257\331\212\330\261\331\217 \331\207\330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\203\330\252\330\250\331\220 \330\250\331\204\331\212\330\257\331\214)}}} | This is an equational sentence. The subject is {{{arb(\331\205\330\257\331\212\330\261 \331\207\330\260\330\247 \330\247\331\204\331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250)}}} which needs to be in the nominative case, and it is definite since the last word is definite, thus only one dhamma needs to be added (to the first noun; and the last noun gets no nunnation). The topic is {{{arb(\330\250\331\204\331\212\330\257)}}} which must also be in the nominative indefinite. ▼ Descriptions for Idaafa :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Descriptions-for-Idaafa :END: In English, a descriptive word can come before the owned item: /John's heavy book/. In Arabic, adjectives must follow the Idaafa and cannot interrupt it: {{{arb(\332\251\330\252\330\247\330\250 \330\254\331\210\331\206 \330\247\331\204\330\253\331\202\331\212\331\204)}}}. For example, here is an equational sentence whose subject is a 3-term Idaafa followed by the adjective /Arabic/ (remember only the last term in an Idaafa can have {{{arb(\330\247\331\204)}}}): | /The study of Arabic grammar is enjoyable/ | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\257\330\261\330\247\330\263\330\251\331\217 \331\202\331\210\330\247\330\271\330\257\331\220 \330\247\331\204\331\204\330\272\330\251\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\271\330\261\330\250\331\212\330\251 \331\205\331\217\331\205\330\252\330\271\330\251\331\214)}}} | ▽ Agreement :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Agreement :END: Since adjectives come after an Idaafa, how do we describe different parts of the Idaafa? Easy; adjectives must \342\200\234agree\342\200\235 with the word they describe: They must have the same gender, number, definiteness, and case as the word being described. | The teacher's /new book/ is in the office. | \342\211\210 | .{{{arb(\331\203\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\217 \330\247\331\204\331\205\330\257\330\261\330\263\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\257\331\212\330\257\331\217 \331\201\331\212 \330\247\331\204\331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250\331\220)}}} | | The /new teacher/'s book is in the office. | \342\211\210 | .{{{arb(\332\251\330\252\330\247\330\250\331\217 \330\247\331\204\331\205\330\257\330\261\330\263\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\257\331\212\330\257\331\220 \331\201\331\212 \330\247\331\204\331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250\331\220)}}} | (Usually only the last term of an Idaafa is actually modified by an adjective.) ▽ Multiple adjectives :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Multiple-adjectives :END: Of-course you can modify multiple words, or use multiple modifiers on the same word! | the /new/ student of the /Americian/ university | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\251\331\217 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\247\331\205\330\271\330\251\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\247\331\205\330\261\331\212\332\251\331\212\330\251\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\257\331\212\330\257\330\251\331\217)}}} | | the student of the /new Americian/ university | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\267\330\247\331\204\330\250\330\251\331\217 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\247\331\205\330\271\330\251\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\247\331\205\330\261\331\212\332\251\331\212\330\251\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\257\331\212\330\257\330\251\331\220)}}} | :More: When more the one term is modified, the last term is modified first and the first term is modified last. | The /Americian/ company's /tall/ president's /cute/ son is here. | | {{{arb(\330\247\330\250\331\206\331\217 \330\261\330\246\331\212\330\263\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\264\330\261\331\212\332\251\330\251\331\220 \330\247\331\204\331\205\330\261\331\212\332\251\331\212\330\251\331\220 \330\247\331\204\330\267\331\210\331\212\331\204\331\220 \330\254\331\205\331\212\331\204\331\217 \331\207\331\217\331\206\330\247.)}}} | :End: ▼ COMMENT The Dual: Talking about /two/ things :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-The-Dual-Talking-about-two-things :END: We speak about /two things/ or /a pair of things/ often in Arabic that there is a dedicated construction for them. /The dual/ is an ending added to a word to make it refer to /two instances/. The ending communicates only case. | | <c> | | Nominative | {{{arb(\331\200\330\247\331\206\331\222)}}} | | Genitive | {{{arb(\331\200\331\212\331\206\331\220)}}} | | Accusative | {{{arb(\331\200\331\212\331\206\331\216)}}} | # For example, # | I saw the directors. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\261\331\216\330\243\333\214\331\222\330\252\331\217 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\333\214\330\261\331\212\331\206\331\216.)}}} | # Note: Duals in an Idaafa as any term except the last term lose the {{{arb(\331\206)}}}. ▼ Sound Plurals :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Sound-Plurals :END: A /sound plural/ is an ending added to a word to make it plural. The ending communicates gender, case, and definiteness. | <c> | <c> | <c> | | | Nominative | Genitive & Accusative | |----------------------+------------+-----------------------| | Masculine indefinite | {{{arb(\331\200\331\210\331\206\331\216)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\331\212\331\206\331\216)}}} | | Masculine definite | {{{arb(\331\200\331\212)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\331\210)}}} | |----------------------+------------+-----------------------| | Feminine definite | {{{arb(\331\200\330\247\330\252\331\214)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\330\247\330\252\331\215)}}} | | Feminine definite | {{{arb(\331\200\330\247\330\252\331\217)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\330\247\330\252\331\220)}}} | |----------------------+------------+-----------------------| /Notice that the usual small nunation symbols making the {{{arb(\331\206)}}}-sound actual become the {{{arb(\331\206)}}}-letter!/ *As such, the actual {{{arb(\331\206)}}} is written or not depending on the general rules of nunnation.* In Arabic, you must learn the plural of each word when you learn its singular form. However, many words referring to /human/ males have sound plurals. Likewise, many words ending in {{{arb(\330\251)}}} have a feminine plural by replacing the final {{{arb(\330\251)}}} with {{{arb(\331\200\330\247\330\252)}}}. For example, | I saw the directors. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\261\331\216\330\243\333\214\331\222\330\252\331\217 \330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\333\214\330\261\331\212\331\206\331\216.)}}} | | The directors are superb. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\331\212\330\261\331\210\331\206\331\216 \331\205\331\205\330\252\330\247\330\262\331\210\331\206\331\216.)}}} | | The (female) directors are superb. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\247\331\204\331\205\331\217\330\257\331\212\330\261\330\247\330\252\331\217 \331\205\331\205\330\252\330\247\330\262\330\247\330\252\331\217.)}}} | | I saw the newspaper reporters. | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\264\330\247\331\207\330\257\330\252\331\217 \331\205\330\261\330\247\330\263\331\204\331\212 \330\247\331\204\330\254\330\261\331\212\330\257\330\251\331\220.)}}} | # Note: Masculine sound plurals in an Idaafa as any term except the last term # lose the {{{arb(\331\206)}}}. ▽ Sound Plurals and Possessive Endings :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Sound-Plurals-and-Possessive-Endings :END: Remember: Possessive endings make words genitive & definite, and so nunnation cannot apply. # | teacher | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\205\331\217\330\257\330\261\330\263)}}} | # |---------------+---+-------------| parallel 2 | his teacher | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\205\331\217\330\257\330\261\330\263\331\207\331\217)}}} | | his teachers | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\205\331\217\330\257\330\261\330\263\331\212\331\207\331\220)}}} | | my teacher | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\205\331\217\330\257\330\261\330\263\331\212)}}} | | my teachers | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\205\331\217\330\257\330\261\330\263\331\212\331\221)}}} | parallel Let's talk more about possessive endings... ;-) ▼ Pronouns :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Pronouns :END: A /pronoun/ is a word that stands-in for a noun. For example, below we refer to someone in 3 different ways: | /*blue:His* cat saw *red:him*, and *green:he* jumped!/ | ▽ Personal Pronouns :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Personal-Pronouns :END: A *green:personal pronoun* replaces a noun that refers to a person (e.g., Jasim ate \342\211\210 /he/ ate), # Below are Arabic's /personal pronouns/ alongside their English translations. | | singular | plural | |----+-------------------+-----------------| | 1 | {{{arb( \330\247\331\224\331\206\330\247 )}}} I | {{{arb( \331\206\331\216\330\255\331\222\331\206\331\217 )}}} we | |----+-------------------+-----------------| | 2m | {{{arb( \330\247\331\224\331\216\331\206\331\222\330\252\331\216 )}}} you | {{{arb( \330\247\331\206\331\222\330\252\331\217\331\205\331\222 )}}} you | | 2f | {{{arb( \330\247\331\224\331\216\331\206\331\222\330\252\331\220 )}}} you | {{{arb( \330\247\331\206\330\252\331\217\331\206\331\221\331\216 )}}} you | |----+-------------------+-----------------| | 3m | {{{arb( \331\207\331\217\331\210\331\216 )}}} he/it | {{{arb( \331\207\331\217\331\205\331\222 )}}} they | | 3f | {{{arb( \331\207\331\220\331\212\331\216 )}}} she/it | {{{arb( \331\207\331\217\331\206\331\221\331\216 )}}} they | |----+-------------------+-----------------| When *I* am talking, the speaker is the \342\200\234first person\342\200\235 (\342\200\2341\342\200\235); when taking *about you*, then you are the \342\200\234second person\342\200\235 and may be masculine (\342\200\2342m\342\200\235) or feminine (\342\200\2342f\342\200\235), or a group of you (\342\200\234plural\342\200\235); finally, when talking about someone who is *not here* in the conversation, they are in the \342\200\234third person\342\200\235 (\342\200\2343m, 3f\342\200\235). ▽ Possessive & Object Pronouns :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Possessive-Object-Pronouns :END: A *blue:possessive pronoun* replaces a noun that involves ownership (e.g., Jasim's book \342\211\210 /his/ book), while an *red:object pronoun* replaces a noun that is having an action done to it (e.g., I saw Jasim \342\211\210 I saw /him/.) In Arabic, /possessive and object pronouns/ are /attached pronouns/; they are *joined to the end* of a word: For example, /house/ {{{arb(\330\250\333\214\330\252)}}} becomes /my house/ {{{arb(\330\250\333\214\330\252\331\220\331\212)}}} and from /he helped/ {{{arb(\331\206\331\216\330\265\331\216\330\261\331\216)}}} we get {{{arb(\331\206\331\216\330\265\331\216\330\261\331\216\331\206\331\212)}}} /he helped me/. Arabic's object & possessive pronouns are the same, except for the \342\200\234my/me\342\200\235 case: | | singular | plural | |----+----------------------------+---------------------------| | 1 | {{{arb( \331\200\331\220\331\212 )}}} my; {{{arb(\331\200\331\206\331\212)}}} me | {{{arb( \331\200\331\206\331\216\330\247 )}}} our/us | |----+----------------------------+---------------------------| | 2m | {{{arb( \331\200\331\203\331\216 )}}} your/you | {{{arb( \331\203\331\217\331\205\331\222 )}}} your/you | | 2f | {{{arb( \331\200\331\203\331\220 )}}} your/you | {{{arb( \331\203\331\217\331\206\331\221\331\216 )}}} your/you | |----+----------------------------+---------------------------| | 3m | {{{arb( \331\200\331\216\331\207\331\217 )}}} his/him | {{{arb( \331\200\331\207\331\217\331\205\331\222 )}}} their/them | | 3f | {{{arb( \331\200\331\216\331\207\331\216\330\247 )}}} hers/her | {{{arb( \331\200\331\207\331\217\331\206\331\221\331\216 )}}} their/them | |----+----------------------------+---------------------------| The dhamma of the endings {{{arb(\331\200\331\207\331\217 \330\214 \331\200\331\207\331\217\331\205 \330\214 \331\200\331\207\331\217\331\206\331\221\331\216)}}} becomes a kasra whenver these endings come after a kasra or a {{{arb(\331\212)}}}. | an office | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250\331\214)}}} | | in an office | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\201\331\212 \331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250\331\220)}}} | | in his office | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\331\201\331\212 \331\205\332\251\330\252\330\250\331\220\331\207\331\220)}}} | ▼ COMMENT Notes on Pronouns :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Notes-on-Pronouns :END: Note 0: Pronouns do not inflect for case. Note 2: The possessive {{{arb(\331\200\331\212)}}} ending does not allow words to inflect for case, but other pronoun endings do not affect case inflections. | a beautiful house | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\250\331\212\330\252\331\214 \330\254\331\205\331\212\331\204\331\214)}}} | | his beautiful house | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\250\331\212\330\252\331\217\331\207\331\217 \330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\331\212\331\204\331\217)}}} | | my beautiful house | \342\211\210 | {{{arb(\330\250\331\212\330\252\331\212 \330\247\331\204\330\254\331\205\331\212\331\204\331\217)}}} | Note 1: When we attach a possessive pronoun to a noun, we are indicating who owns it, thereby making it definite ---and so words with possessive endings never have nunation. ▼ Todo COMMENT idaafa & pronoun endings : Page_50_of_564 : :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-idaafa-pronoun-endings :END: In Part C of the last chapter, I mentioned that Arab grammarians consider the possessive pronouns to be in an idaafa relationship with the noun to which they are attached. For exam ple\357\277\275 is an idaafa. The first term is \357\277\275 and the second term of the idaafa is the pronoun suffix \357\277\275- Because the possessive pronouns are considered definite, they define the noun to which they are attached. It is quite common for an idaafa with two, threp, four or m ore terms to end with a pronoun suffix. The entire idaafa will be definite. For ex am ple \357\277\275_;o!; ...>:.;v. \357\277\275 \342\200\234the offi ce ofthe director ofyour com pany\342\200\234. The word 4.S_;o!; is defini te because of the suffiX rS\302\267 Since 4.S _;o!; is definite, the entire idaafa is definite -j ust as if the word 4.S _;o!; had been defined by having the definite article attached - ;s \357\277\275I ...>:..l.<l \357\277\275 \342\200\234the offi ce of the director of your com pany\342\200\234. ▼ COMMENT TODO Pausual form regarding \331\200\330\247\331\213, which sounds like a short 'a' sound! :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-TODO-Pausual-form-regarding-which-sounds-like-a-short-'a'-sound :END: 54/564 ▼ COMMENT Past Tense Verbs 89 :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-Past-Tense-Verbs-89 :END: Just as nouns, and adjectives, change with case; likewise, verbs change with who is doing them (i.e., number and gender). This is known as /conjugation/. # Since conjugation tells us WHO did the action, personal pronouns are not # used, except for emphasis. The simplest form of a verb is its conjugation for {{{arb(\331\207\331\210)}}}, and it is used as the *base* for all other conjugations. This is the form one sees when learning a verb for the first time, or in a dictionary. Arabic verbs are conjugated in the past tense by adding suffixes to the base form of the verb. All verbs are conjugated in the same way! So if you can conjugate one Arabic verb in the past tense, then you can conjugate them all. # In contrast, English does not have a uniform approach; e.g., # words /to eat/ and /to sleep/ become /ate/ and /slept./ | <c> | <c> | <c> | | | singular | plural | |-----+----------+--------| | 1 | {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\330\252\331\217)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\331\206\330\247)}}} | |-----+----------+--------| | 2m | {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\330\252\331\216)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\330\252\331\217\331\205)}}} | | 2f | {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\330\252\331\220)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\330\252\331\217\331\206\331\221\331\216)}}} | |-----+----------+--------| | 3m | {{{arb(\331\200\331\200\331\216\331\200)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\331\210\330\247 | | 3f | arb(\331\200\331\216\330\252\331\222)}}} | {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\331\206\331\216)}}} | |-----+----------+--------| For example, the word /to study/ {{{arb(\330\257\331\216\330\261\331\216\330\263\331\216)}}} (literally: /he studied/) takes the form {{{arb(\330\257\331\216\330\261\331\216\330\263\331\222\330\252\331\217\331\205)}}} when talking to a group of people (plural 2m, above). This is accomplished by adding {{{arb(\331\200\331\222\330\252\331\217\331\205)}}} to the base {{{arb(\330\257\331\216\330\261\331\216\330\263\331\216)}}}. Note: With the ending {{{arb(\331\200\331\210\330\247)}}}, the {{{arb(\330\247\331\224)}}} is not pronounced. ▼ Kinds of Arabic Verbs :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Kinds-of-Arabic-Verbs :END: ◦ Sound Verbs :: Verbs with no \arb{\331\210} or \arb{\331\212} as a root. ◦ Defective Verbs :: Verbs whose last root is either \arb{\331\210} or \arb{\331\212}. ◦ Hollow Verbs :: Verbs whose middle root is either \arb{\331\210} or \arb{\331\212}. ◦ Assimilated Verbs :: Verbs whose first root is either \arb{\331\210} or \arb{\331\212}. ◦ Doubled Verbs :: Verbs whose second and third roots are the same. These are not a big deal. They happen often enough to get names. ▼ COMMENT TEMPLATE conjugation : reference : reuse : :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: COMMENT-TEMPLATE-conjugation :END: | <c> | <c> | <c> | | | singular | plural | |-----+----------+--------| | 1 | {{{arb(} | \arb{)}}} | |-----+----------+--------| | 2m | {{{arb(} | \arb{)}}} | | 2f | {{{arb(} | \arb{)}}} | |-----+----------+--------| | 3m | {{{arb(} | \arb{)}}} | | 3f | {{{arb(} | \arb{)}}} | |-----+----------+--------| ▼ Local Variables : ignore : :PROPERTIES: :CUSTOM_ID: Local-Variables :END: # alias emacsclient="/usr/local/Cellar/emacs-plus@29/29.0.90/bin/emacsclient" # export PATH="/usr/local/Cellar/emacs-plus@29/29.0.90/bin/:$PATH" # emacs & emacsclient # Ensure EmacsClient can connect to running emacs, enable automatic reverts for whenever PDFs change. # Local Variables: # eval: (server-start) # eval: (global-auto-revert-mode) # eval: (add-hook 'after-save-hook 'org-latex-export-to-latex nil t) # eval: (compile "latexmk -pdf -pvc -pdflatex='lualatex -shell-escape -interaction nonstopmode'") # End: